I came to Stephen Hebscher with a somewhat irregular case. Public Prosecution Service of Canada (PPSC) carries out prosecutions of the majority of federal offences, including . This is done in a premeditated manner since the idea is to steal the assets without the knowledge . If the offence occurs on or after October 23, 2013, the order has smaller minimum amounts (15%, $50, or $100). The judge has the discretion to order that the offender be prohibited "from communicating...with any victim, witness or other person" while in custody except where the judge "considers [it] necessary" to communicate with them. A threat to bring civil proceedings (lawsuit) is not considered a ‘threat’ for the purpose of a charge of Extortion. They have been booked under the Indian Penal Code's Sections including 189 (threat of injury to public servant), 384 (extortion), 504 (intentional insult with intent to provoke breach of the . I am impressed especially after our meeting on Monday – I was resigned that something bad would befall me, so I am very blessed to have this outcome. I was most impressed and should I ever be in a similar serious situation you will be the first person I call. Under s. 722(2), the judge must inquire "[a]s soon as feasible" before sentencing with the Crown "if reasonable steps have been taken to provide the victim with an opportunity to prepare" a victim impact statement. Under RCWs - Title 9A - Chapter 9A.56 - Section 9A.56.130. 346 Criminal Code; Harassment by repeated communication with person, Sec. Code Spaces cyber extortion case. This was a tremendous accomplishment, and I am very appreciative of that. If police decide to bring the accused before a Justice pursuant to s. 503, there will be a presumption against bail (i.e. SELECTED CASE LAW I. A lawyer who understands the laws of your state and has experience with the local criminal justice system can give you meaningful . Settlement Demands, Extortion and the Litigation Privilege. In People v. Toledano, 2019 WL 2577211 (June 24, 2019), the court addressed an important question of first impression, holding that the litigation privilege, California Civil Code Section 47, may apply as a defense to a criminal prosecution for extortion based on a settlement demand, where the demand is made in a good faith belief in . The maximum penalty is life. Found insideDrawing on cases, Stark identifies the problems with our current approach to domestic violence, outlines the components of coercive control, and then uses this alternate framework to analyse the cases of battered women charged with criminal ... Because if you read the 'torture' section of the Criminal Code (copied below) carefully, you will see that the ONLY allowance for what would otherwise be called 'torture' is when it is applied in relation to a "lawful sanction". Fifty seven percent of stalkers are intimate partners or ex-intimate Anything goes for maximum profits, including mass-jabbing of toxic flu/covid DNA-altering mRNA drugs to its extortionist contractual demands on governments. Found insideCanada. 346. (1) Every one commits extortion who, without reasonable justification or excuse and with intent to obtain anything, by threats, accusations, menaces or violence induces or attempts to induce any person, whether or not he is ... He can also be released by a justice under s. 515. Regarding extortion, section 346 of the Criminal Code states. Convictions under s. 346 [extortion] are eligible for record suspensions pursuant to s. 3 and 4 of the Criminal Records Act after 5 years after the expiration of sentence for summary conviction offences and 10 years after the expiration of sentence for all other offences. 2715 , struck out "protected by the Secret Service" after "other persons" in item 879. R.S., 1985, c. 27 (1st Supp. What is Extortion? This is thanks to the vast history of this crime, which has been glamorized in the media, and portrayed as one of the main money-making schemes of any criminal organization. Tom Behan places great emphasis on the fact that all major political parties have been involved with the camorra, along with the police, the judiciary, the business community and administrators. I would like to take this opportunity to thank Bruce for getting my charge withdrawn and keep my criminal record clean. As a result, the Criminal Code applies to all Canadians. Crimes such as robbery have a maximum life sentence, however . Organized crime is defined in the Criminal Code as a group of three or more people whose purpose is the commission of one or more serious offences that would "likely result in the direct or indirect receipt of a material benefit, including a financial benefit, by the group.". It is an offence under Canada's Criminal Code to share intimate images of a person without the consent of the person in the image. Your compassionate and thorough scrutiny of the circumstances lead to a withdrawal verdict. We are not going to get into the PIPEDA Act, but see the link if you are curious. Found inside – Page 18With Annotations, Commentaries, Precedents of Indictments, &c Canada, Walter Edwin Lear. CRIMINAL LAW - Con . escape - Con . imprisonment or recapture , c . 146 , s . ... 450 > CRIMINAL LAW - Con . extortion - Con . menacing 18 Inder . The criminal act element required for extortion is typically the theft of property accomplished by a threat to cause future harm to the victim, including the threat to inflict bodily injury, accuse anyone of committing a crime, or reveal a secret that would expose the victim to hatred, contempt, or ridicule (Ga. Code § 16-8-16, 2011). The potential penalties for extortion are similar to those for robbery. Contact us anytime
Stolen credentials aside, sex-based extortion scams are actually fairly old and not all that sophisticated. Failing to take reasonable steps at guilty plea requires the prosecutor to "as soon as feasible, take reasonable steps to inform the victim of the agreement and the acceptance of the plea" (s. 606(4.3)). According to California Penal Code 518: I thank you for being a phone call away (or email) even when you did not have to be. Found inside – Page 96Being an Annotation of the Criminal Code of Canada, and of the Canada Evidence Act, with Special Reference to the Law of ... J. , and a jury and found guilty upon an indictment for extortion in exact . ing from a person charged on a ... Indictable offences capture crimes such as murder, manslaughter, robbery, extortion, cocaine trafficking and other serious crimes. Investigators believe that there may be more victims in this case and are asking them to contact police. According to s. 346 (1.1) of the Criminal Code, extortion is an indictable offence. (1.2) In determining, for the purpose of paragraph (1.1)(a) [extortion – with firearms or crim orgs], whether a convicted person has committed a second or subsequent offence, if the person was earlier convicted of any of the following offences, that offence is to be considered as an earlier offence: However, an earlier offence shall not be taken into account if 10 years have elapsed between the day on which the person was convicted of the earlier offence and the day on which the person was convicted of the offence for which sentence is being imposed, not taking into account any time in custody. Eighty-eight percent of the persons accused of stalking in these ca ses were male (Bunge and Levett 1998, 8). Certain persons who testify are entitled to make application for the use of testimonial aids: Exclusion of Public (s. 486), Use of a Testimonial Screen (s. 486), Access to Support Person While Testifying (s. 486.1), Close Proximity Video-link Testimony (s. 486.2), Self-Represented Cross-Examination Prohibition Order (s. 486.3), and Witness Security Order (s. 486.7). Criminal Code. For offences with aggravating factors listed under s. 346(1.1)(a), the minimum penalty is 5 years incarceration, or 7 years incarceration with any prior convictions for under s. 346. Extortion. The image of the sleazy blackmailer demanding money or threatening to publicize an old scandal is seldom the act that leads to litigation involving extortion. Extortion is a very serious criminal offence, and is a strictly indictable offence under the Criminal Code of Canada. Like the NSW Crimes Act, the Criminal Code Act does not contain a specific offence of extortion. Found inside – Page 163The attempts to extortion etc. are crimes. ... But the act that causes things has not been established. ... Given this in Canada, section 83.01 of the Criminal Code[1] defines terrorism as an act committed in whole or in part for a ... Found inside – Page 12a.i ) from firm to avoid publicity relating to ofOffences against rights of property Ex fence and for arranging for charges to be tortion - Nature and elements of offence dropped - Accused charged with extortion General – Criminal Code ... (2) A threat to institute civil proceedings is not a threat for the purposes of this section. 1 - Short Title 2 - Interpretation 3.1 - Part I 3.1 - General 21 - Parties to Offences 25 - Protection of Persons Administering and Enforcing the Law 32 - Suppression of Riots 33.1 - Self-induced Intoxication 34 - Defence of Person 35 - Defence of Property 43 - Protection of Persons in Authority 46 - PART II - Offences Against Public Order I would recommend you without a second thought. Instead, far more subtle actions can lead to allegations that one has committed extortion. Head office: 4950 Yonge St., Suite 2200, Toronto, ON, M2N 6K1, Canada. There is a mandatory publication ban in all youth prosecutions on information tending to identify young accused under s. 110 of the YCJA or young victims under s. 111 of the YCJA. Click here to view more of our Client Testimonials, https://thecriminallawteam.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Straight-Talk-Live.mp3, https://thecriminallawteam.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Edited-Minassian-Interview.mp4. (1.1) Every person who commits extortion is guilty of an indictable offence and liable. There is also a strong link between stalking/criminal harassment and domestic violence. Extortion is a serious crime and one that can result in a significant loss of freedom if convicted. Any period of jail would have been devastating to his chances of recovering from this devastating situation. Under the Constitution, the Parliament of Canada has the authority to make laws related to criminal law and determine the rules of criminal procedure. Under the Common Law, extortion is a misdemeanor consisting of an unlawful taking of money by a government officer. [1999] 3 SCR 759 In [1999] 3 SCR 759 the Supreme Court of Canada held that manipulating an individual for sexual favours can constitute criminal extortion. We now can say you are the BEST and we will surely recommend you to our friends and anybody here we know who needs the best Lawyer in Ontario. Jail + Probation (731(1)(b)) Offences relating to extortion are found in Part IX of the Criminal Code relating to "Offences Against Rights of Property". We have heard Canadians, the courts and criminal justice experts, and seen the evidence of the disproportionate representation of Indigenous peoples, as well as Black Canadians in the criminal justice system. R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 346; R.S., 1985, c. 27 (1st Supp. Mr. Hebscher was the only lawyer who gave me hope and made me feel like I had a real fighting chance. Bruce ...The care and concern you showed us during our dealings certainly helped to reduce the stress we were under. Offences under s. 346 [extortion] are straight indictable. Section 76-5-111 accounts for both the sexual coercion to engage in sexual acts and contact, and distribute sexually explicit and intimate images, a first for sexual extortion legislation in the U.S. On the other hand, sextortion is criminalized under California's extortion statute as a form of blackmail. 346(1) Every one commits extortion who, without reasonable justification or excuse and with intent to obtain anything, by threats, accusations, menaces or violence induces or attempts to induce any person, whether or not he is the person threatened, accused or menaced or to whom violence is shown, to do anything or cause anything to be done. [5] I did not know what to expect when I made that first call to you. Any picture or video of a youth under 18 years old who is naked or semi-naked, or engaging in a sex act is considered child pornography according to s. 163.1(4) of the Criminal Code. Each envelope contains a threatening letter and a small sealed bag containing a white powdery substance. As dedicated, honest and caring criminal lawyers, we bring you over 60 years of experience and an excellent record of success to help defend your criminal charge. This law applies to everyone, not just people under 18.The purpose of this offence is to protect the privacy a person has in his or her nudity or sexual activity. Found inside – Page 368crimes involving bank cards generally assume three basic steps: (1) steal the victim's personal identification from the encoded ... Section 346 of the Criminal Code of Canada defines extortion as “causing someone, without reasonable ... Found inside – Page 131Series of Reports of Important Decisions in Criminal and Quasi-criminal Cases in Canada Under the Laws of the Dominion and of the Provinces Thereof, ... Extortion by threatening to accuse of crime — Cr . Code ( 1906 ) secs . life. Extortion under the UAE laws is governed pursuant to the provisions of the Federal Law No. (1.3) For the purposes of subsection (1.2) [extortion – subsequent offences], the only question to be considered is the sequence of convictions and no consideration shall be given to the sequence of commission of offences or whether any offence occurred before or after any conviction. The maximum penalty for an Extortion Crime (or Blackmail) is life imprisonment, and the minimum penalty is five (5) years in prison if a firearm is used. Sup. Extortion occurs when. Primary activity extortion although also engage in heroin trafficking from CRMN 3026U at University of Ontario Institute of Technology L.A. Mr. Hebscher: I would like to thank you for your excellent representation of me in relation to the domestic assault charges that you worked so hard to have withdrawn. There are no statutory requirements that the sentences be consecutive. 346 (1) Every one commits extortion who, without reasonable justification or excuse and with intent to obtain anything, by threats, accusations, menaces or violence induces or attempts to induce any person, whether or not he is the person threatened, accused or menaced or to whom violence is shown, to do anything or cause anything to be done. Conditional Sentence (742.1). If you’ve been charged with an extortion crime or blackmail, you will need an experienced Criminal Lawyer to defend your case. The Criminal Law Team has successfully defended clients charged with Extortion crimes by, for example, convincing the crown attorney or the Court that, even if there was a threat of violence, the threat was done in circumstances where our client was frustrated by the complainant’s lies and deceit, which were intended to avoid paying a debt dutifully owed to him. Found inside – Page 711868 16 Act relative to Parish of Portland , N.B. 1870 91 Act relative to Savings Banks . ... Act respecting R.S.C. 593 Act amended 1887 76 Act respecting repealing the foregoing Acts 1889 74 Extortion- ( Criminal Code , Secs . 4 yrs. For all criminal or regulatory prosecutions, there is a discretionary general publication ban available on application of the Crown, victim or witness to prohibit the publishing of "any information that could identify the victim or witness" under s. 486.5(1) where it is "necessary" for the "proper administration of justice". Dear Mr. Hebscher: I would like to take this opportunity to thank you ever so much for your great professionalism and humane service to me at a time of profound confusion and in dire need of legal counsel. 2008, c. 6, s. 33; Extortion in the Second Degree, blackmail is a class C felony leading to up to five years imprisonment and/or up to $10,000 in fines. Found inside – Page 567feasance of office by any officer of justice is a common law misdemeanour ; Roscoe's Cr . Evidence , 11th ed . ... did not have it issued with intent to extort , it is an offence for a third person to use it for purposes of extortion . The proposed legislation would ensure courts can continue to impose tough sentences on . ; if restricted or prohibited firearm is used, or any firearm and the offence is for the benefit of, at the direction of, or in association with criminal organization, 5 yrs., or for a subsequent offence, 7 yrs. PIPEDA Act and the Criminal Code. 1A. Found inside – Page 454Canada, Sir Henri Elzéar Taschereau ... On the trial of an indictment for threatening to accuse a person of an abominable crime , with intent to extort money , and by intimidating the party by the threat ... EXTORTION BY OTHER THREATS . The show is called Straight Talk with Yonah Budd and aired on Newstalk 1010, part of iHeart Radio '. I was being extorted by an employee of mine,and he helped me resolve the matter within days. The person intended to obtain anything or cause anything to be done. Please click on the button below and call us today for your free confidential case evaluation. [4], The mere fact that the threatened conduct is lawful, such as collecting a lawful debt, does not exclude the conduct from criminality. Found inside – Page 141Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Criminal Justice of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, ... The victim of the credit extortion in that case notified federal law enforcement officials only a few hours in advance ... 3 Unless the offence involves a gross violation of the principles of the Federal Constitution and of the ECHR11, the person concerned is not liable to further prosecution in Switzerland if: Under the Constitution, the Parliament of Canada has the authority to make laws related to criminal law and determine the rules of criminal procedure. Act current to 2021-10-20 and last amended on 2021-08-27. Robbery is the simplest and most common form of extortion, although making unfounded threats in order to obtain an unfair business advantage is also a form of extortion. Our lawyers in Canada do not practice criminal law. Extortion: Criminal Code, RSC 1985, c C-46, s 346. Found insideIn The Last Days of New Paris, China Miéville entwines true historical events and people with his daring, uniquely imaginative brand of fiction, reconfiguring history and art into something new. “Beauty will be convulsive. . . .” 1941. The Court of Queen's Bench of Alberta classified extortion as, "intimidation and interference with freedom of choice" (R. v. Barros (2016 ABQB 243). I will gladly recommend your services to any of my friends or family should they ever need it. As parents, we were quite frightened for our child but Mr. Hebscher was the calm voice of reason. Again, you represent all the good side of lawyers. As set forth in Penal Code 518 PC, "extortion" means: "[T]the obtaining of property from another, with his consent, or the obtaining of an official act of a public officer, induced by a wrongful use of force or fear, or under color of official right." Found inside – Page 218Quebec Annotations 2003 Canada, Alain Dubois, Philip Schneider ... ( extortion ) , ( lxi ) section 347 ( criminal interest rate ) , ( lxii ) section 348 ( breaking and entering ) , ( lxiii ) section 354 ( possession of property obtained ... Extortion, commonly referred to as blackmail, is a criminal offence under section 346 of the Criminal Code of Canada. While the Mendoza case involved a civil lawsuit for extortion against a lawyer, the same kinds of issues and the same kinds of liabilities (both monetary and criminal) can result against a non-lawyer who makes extortionate communications in connection with anticipated or presently-existing litigation in terms of a Penal Code violation. If arrested, he can be released by the arresting officer under s. 498 or 499 on an undertaking with or without conditions. Offences under s. 346 [extortion] are straight indictable.There is a Defence election of Court under s. 536(2) to trial to trial in provincial court, superior court with a judge-alone (with or without a preliminary inquiry) or superior court with judge-and-jury (with or without a preliminary inquiry).. Before the Crown can rely on provisions increasing the duration of the weapons prohibition . 346 (1) Every one commits extortion who, without reasonable justification or excuse and with intent to obtain anything, by threats, accusations, menaces or violence induces or attempts to induce any person, whether or not he is . You have made a critical difference in my future and I am very happy with the outcome. He was charged with sexual assault. Table of Contents. Back in July, Krebs on Security reported on a rather novel scam, where the threat actor would use credentials from old data dumps to suggest that they had directly hacked the victim and obtained the victim's presumably sensitive browser history. Previous Versions, * List of amendments since 2019-01-01 (limited to last 10 amendments) [more details], Protection of Persons Administering and Enforcing the Law, Treason and other Offences against the Queen’s Authority and Person, Participating, Facilitating, Instructing and Harbouring. Found inside – Page 217Sentence IF Extortion I Accused convicted of extortion based on threats to kill victim unless paid large sum of money - Sentence of one month's imprisonment grossly inadequate even for ... 291 ( 1 ) of the Criminal Code of Canada . SECTION WORDING. SECTION 1. My family and I would like to thank you again Stephen Hebscher for doing a wonderful job and also being a very supportive man. Pursuant to articles 397 and 398 of the UAE penal code, the crime of extortion is said to occur when a person uses force or threat to compel another person to deliver money or . I remain entirely pleased with Stephen's competency, professionalism and accessibility, and would not hesitate to recommend him as a criminal defence lawyer. Before the Crown can rely on provisions increasing the duration of the weapons prohibition order due to a prior weapons prohibition order notice under s. 727 must be given prior to plea. One person induces or attempts to induce another person to do anything or cause anything to be done. Pfizer's Contractual Extortion Stephen Lendman / stephenlendman Like countless other US/Western corporate predators, Pfizer is criminal in its operations by peddling harmful to health products. See What our Client’s are saying about us. Myles: It's called extortion in the Criminal Code, and there is one section in the code that deals with this. Hebscher...There are not enough words to express my appreciation for your...giving me your undivided attention at all times, work in my case with your heart and soul, that makes you "ONE OF A KIND" lawyer. The Criminal Code was created in 1892 to outline offences, penalties and procedures. Most people automatically associate criminal extortion with organized crime. by criminallaw_dev | Oct 2, 2013. Under Section 786 (2) of the Criminal Code of Canada, a law that codifies most criminal offenses and procedures in Canada, the statute of limitations extends for a six-month period after the criminal act was committed. 346 (1) Every one commits extortion who, without reasonable justification or excuse and with intent to obtain anything, by threats, accusations, . Offences relating to Lost, Destroyed or Defaced Weapons, etc. 416-550-6554. The definition for extortion in the Criminal Code of Canada is the act of making 'threats, accusations, menaces or violence' in order to induce the complainant to do something, usually pay money. Extortion Section 346 (1) states: 'Every one commits extortion who, without reasonable justification or excuse and with intent to obtain anything, by threats, accusations, […] Offences Against the Administration of Law and Justice, Sexual Offences, Public Morals and Disorderly Conduct, Offences in Relation to Offering, Providing or Obtaining Sexual Services for Consideration, Offences Against the Person and Reputation, Neglect in Child-birth and Concealing Dead Body, Bodily Harm and Acts and Omissions Causing Danger to the Person, Kidnapping, Trafficking in Persons, Hostage Taking and Abduction, Fraudulent Transactions Relating to Contracts and Trade, Forgery of Trademarks and Trade Descriptions, Breach of Contract, Intimidation and Discrimination Against Trade Unionists, Wilful and Forbidden Acts in Respect of Certain Property, Advertising and Trafficking in Counterfeit Money or Counterfeit Tokens of Value, Search, Seizure and Detention of Proceeds of Crime, Other Provisions Respecting Search Warrants, Preservation Orders and Production Orders, Compelling Appearance of Accused Before a Justice and Interim Release, Arrest without Warrant and Release from Custody, Proceedings Respecting Failure to Comply with Release Conditions, Procedure to Procure Attendance of a Prisoner, Powers to Enter Dwelling-houses to Carry out Arrests, Remand Where Offence Committed in Another Jurisdiction, Procedure where Witness Refuses to Testify, Provincial Court Judge’s Jurisdiction with Consent, Procedure in Jury Trials and General Provisions, Proceedings when Person Indicted is at Large, Verdict of Not Criminally Responsible on Account of Mental Disorder, Applications for Ministerial Review — Miscarriages of Justice, Dangerous Offenders and Long-term Offenders, Dangerous Offenders and Long-Term Offenders, Effect and Enforcement of Undertakings, Release Orders and Recognizances, Summary Appeal on Transcript or Agreed Statement of Facts, Remote Appearance by Incarcerated Accused, - Offences in respect of which a remediation agreement may be entered into, - Information To Obtain a Preservation Order, - Information To Obtain a Production Order, - Production Order To Trace a Communication, - Production Order for Transmission Data or Tracking Data, - Information To Revoke or Vary an Order Made Under Any of Sections 487.013 to 487.018 of the Criminal Code, - Information To Obtain a Non-Disclosure Order, - Information To Obtain a Warrant To Take Bodily Substances for Forensic DNA Analysis, - Warrant Authorizing the Taking of Bodily Substances for Forensic DNA Analysis, - Order Authorizing the Taking of Bodily Substances for Forensic DNA Analysis, - Order to a Person To Have Bodily Substances Taken for Forensic DNA Analysis, - Application for an Authorization To Take Bodily Substances for Forensic DNA Analysis, - Authorization To Take Bodily Substances for Forensic DNA Analysis, - Summons to a Person To Have Bodily Substances Taken for Forensic DNA Analysis, - Report to a Provincial Court Judge or the Court, - Application for an Authorization To Take Additional Samples of Bodily Substances for Forensic DNA Analysis, - Authorization To Take Additional Samples of Bodily Substances for Forensic DNA Analysis, - Summons to a Person Charged with an Offence, - Warrant To Convey Accused Before Justice of Another Territorial Division, - Subpoena to a Witness in the Case of Proceedings in Respect of an Offence Referred to in Subsection 278.2(1) of the Criminal Code, - Warrant To Arrest an Absconding Witness, - Warrant of Committal of Witness for Refusing to Be Sworn or to Give Evidence, - Warrant of Committal on an Order for the Payment of Money, - Warrant of Committal for Failure To Furnish Recognizance To Keep the Peace, - Warrant of Committal of Witness for Failure to Enter into Recognizance, - Warrant of Committal in Default of Payment of Costs of an Appeal, - Warrant of Committal on Forfeiture of Amounts, - Order for Accused to Be Brought Before Justice Prior to Expiration of Period of Remand, - Order for Discharge of a Person in Custody, - Certificate of Non-payment of Costs of Appeal, - Jailer’s Receipt to Peace Officer for Prisoner, - Order To Disclose Income Tax Information, - Victim Impact Statement — Not Criminally Responsible, - Notice of Obligation To Provide Samples of Bodily Substance, - Order To Comply with Sex Offender Information Registration Act, - Notice of Obligation To Comply with Sex Offender Information Registration Act, - Obligation To Comply with Sex Offender Information Registration Act, Alberta for the Purposes of the Criminal Interest Rate Provisions of the Criminal Code, Order Designating, Alberta Rules of Practice Respecting Reduction in the Number of Years of Imprisonment without Eligibility for Parole, Amnesty Period (2006), Order Declaring an, Amnesty Period (2014), Order Declaring an, Amnesty Period (2015), Order Declaring an, Amnesty Period (2020), Order Declaring an, Antique Firearms, Regulations Prescribing, Applications for Ministerial Review — Miscarriages of Justice, Regulations Respecting, Approved Breath Analysis Instruments Order, British Columbia Court of Appeal Criminal Appeal Rules, 1986, British Columbia for the Purposes of the Criminal Interest Rate Provisions of the Criminal Code, Order Designating, British Columbia Rules of Practice Respecting Reduction in the Number of Years of Imprisonment Without Eligibility for Parole, Court of Appeal of Quebec in Criminal Matters, Rules of the, Court of Appeals for the Northwest Territories as to A.